diff --git a/src/domain/mod.rs b/src/domain/mod.rs
index 0ec9794..7054315 100644
--- a/src/domain/mod.rs
+++ b/src/domain/mod.rs
@@ -1,2 +1,47 @@
 pub mod messages;
 pub mod tools;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// 角色能力策略：工具与技能的白/黑名单。全为空表示沿用默认（不过滤）。
+///
+/// 生效顺序：先白名单取交集，再黑名单扣除。专家与子代理共用此结构，
+/// 确保语义一致。MCP 工具注册在 `ToolRegistry` 中（名 `mcp_*`），与内置
+/// 工具同源，因此 `allowed_tools`/`denied_tools` 覆盖内置 + MCP 工具；
+/// `allowed_skills`/`denied_skills` 仅覆盖 SKILL.md 技能。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CapabilityPolicy {
+    /// 技能白名单：`None` = 不限；`Some(vec)` = 仅这些 SKILL.md 技能可见。
+    /// `Some(vec![])` 表示全禁（与 `ToolRegistry::only` 的空交集语义对齐）。
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub allowed_skills: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// 技能黑名单：禁用这些 SKILL.md 技能。空表示不禁。
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub denied_skills: Vec<String>,
+    /// 工具白名单（含 `mcp_*` 工具）：`None` = 不限。
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// 工具黑名单（含 `mcp_*` 工具）。
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub denied_tools: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl CapabilityPolicy {
+    /// 所有策略字段均为空 → 沿用主智能体默认配置（不过滤）。
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.allowed_skills.is_none()
+            && self.denied_skills.is_empty()
+            && self.allowed_tools.is_none()
+            && self.denied_tools.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// 是否声明了任何技能策略。
+    pub fn has_skill_policy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.allowed_skills.is_some() || !self.denied_skills.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// 是否声明了任何工具策略。
+    pub fn has_tool_policy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.allowed_tools.is_some() || !self.denied_tools.is_empty()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/experts/mod.rs b/src/experts/mod.rs
index 8b0ae5a..3fa26fc 100644
--- a/src/experts/mod.rs
+++ b/src/experts/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::config::ExpertsConfig;
+use crate::domain::CapabilityPolicy;
 use crate::platform::{atomic_rename, home_dir as platform_home_dir};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ pub struct Expert {
     pub body: String,
     pub source: ExpertSource,
     pub path: PathBuf,
+    /// 工具与技能加载策略。全为空表示沿用主智能体默认配置（不过滤）。
+    pub capability: CapabilityPolicy,
 }
 
 /// Where an expert definition was discovered from.
@@ -87,6 +90,9 @@ pub struct ExpertWithStatus {
     pub path: String,
     /// Which scopes have this expert disabled. Empty means enabled.
     pub disabled_in_scopes: Vec<String>,
+    /// 工具与技能加载策略。
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub capability: CapabilityPolicy,
 }
 
 /// Result of an enable/disable operation.
@@ -324,6 +330,7 @@ impl ExpertRuntime {
                     source: expert.source.as_str().to_string(),
                     path: expert.path.display().to_string(),
                     disabled_in_scopes: scopes.iter().map(|s| s.as_str().to_string()).collect(),
+                    capability: expert.capability.clone(),
                 }
             })
             .collect();
@@ -345,6 +352,7 @@ impl ExpertRuntime {
         name: &str,
         description: &str,
         body: &str,
+        capability: &CapabilityPolicy,
         reload: bool,
     ) -> Result<Expert, String> {
         validate_expert_name(name)?;
@@ -357,7 +365,7 @@ impl ExpertRuntime {
             ));
         }
 
-        write_expert_file(&path, name, description, body)?;
+        write_expert_file(&path, name, description, body, capability)?;
         let expert = parse_expert_file(&path, scope.into())?;
         if reload {
             let _ = self.reload()?;
@@ -371,6 +379,7 @@ impl ExpertRuntime {
         name: &str,
         description: Option<&str>,
         body: Option<&str>,
+        capability: Option<&CapabilityPolicy>,
         reload: bool,
     ) -> Result<Expert, String> {
         validate_expert_name(name)?;
@@ -382,8 +391,9 @@ impl ExpertRuntime {
         let existing = parse_expert_file(&path, scope.into())?;
         let next_description = description.unwrap_or(&existing.description);
         let next_body = body.unwrap_or(&existing.body);
+        let next_capability = capability.cloned().unwrap_or(existing.capability);
 
-        write_expert_file(&path, name, next_description, next_body)?;
+        write_expert_file(&path, name, next_description, next_body, &next_capability)?;
         let expert = parse_expert_file(&path, scope.into())?;
         if reload {
             let _ = self.reload()?;
@@ -720,9 +730,35 @@ struct ExpertFrontmatter {
     description: String,
     #[serde(default)]
     name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    allowed_skills: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    denied_skills: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    denied_tools: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-fn render_expert_file(name: &str, description: &str, body: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+/// 规范化字符串列表：去除空白项与首尾空格。
+fn normalize_string_list(list: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    list.into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// 规范化可选字符串列表：`None` 保持 `None`（表示"不限"），`Some` 则清理空项。
+fn normalize_optional_list(list: Option<Vec<String>>) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    list.map(normalize_string_list)
+}
+
+fn render_expert_file(
+    name: &str,
+    description: &str,
+    body: &str,
+    capability: &CapabilityPolicy,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
     if description.trim().is_empty() {
         return Err("description is required and cannot be empty".to_string());
     }
@@ -731,11 +767,23 @@ fn render_expert_file(name: &str, description: &str, body: &str) -> Result<Strin
     struct ExpertFrontmatterOwned {
         name: String,
         description: String,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        allowed_skills: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+        denied_skills: Vec<String>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+        denied_tools: Vec<String>,
     }
 
     let yaml = serde_yaml::to_string(&ExpertFrontmatterOwned {
         name: name.to_string(),
         description: description.to_string(),
+        allowed_skills: capability.allowed_skills.clone(),
+        denied_skills: capability.denied_skills.clone(),
+        allowed_tools: capability.allowed_tools.clone(),
+        denied_tools: capability.denied_tools.clone(),
     })
     .map_err(|err| format!("failed to render expert frontmatter: {}", err))?;
 
@@ -748,8 +796,14 @@ fn render_expert_file(name: &str, description: &str, body: &str) -> Result<Strin
     }
 }
 
-fn write_expert_file(path: &Path, name: &str, description: &str, body: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let content = render_expert_file(name, description, body)?;
+fn write_expert_file(
+    path: &Path,
+    name: &str,
+    description: &str,
+    body: &str,
+    capability: &CapabilityPolicy,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let content = render_expert_file(name, description, body, capability)?;
     if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
         fs::create_dir_all(parent)
             .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create expert directory: {}", err))?;
@@ -817,12 +871,20 @@ fn parse_expert_file(path: &Path, source: ExpertSource) -> Result<Expert, String
 
     let name = frontmatter.name.unwrap_or(dir_name).trim().to_string();
 
+    let capability = CapabilityPolicy {
+        allowed_skills: normalize_optional_list(frontmatter.allowed_skills),
+        denied_skills: normalize_string_list(frontmatter.denied_skills),
+        allowed_tools: normalize_optional_list(frontmatter.allowed_tools),
+        denied_tools: normalize_string_list(frontmatter.denied_tools),
+    };
+
     Ok(Expert {
         name,
         description: description.to_string(),
         body: body.trim().to_string(),
         source,
         path: path.to_path_buf(),
+        capability,
     })
 }
 
@@ -1020,10 +1082,70 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_render_expert_file_requires_description() {
-        let err = render_expert_file("demo", "  ", "body").unwrap_err();
+        let err = render_expert_file("demo", "  ", "body", &CapabilityPolicy::default()).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.contains("description"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_capability_policy_is_empty_helpers() {
+        assert!(CapabilityPolicy::default().is_empty());
+        assert!(!CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_skills: Some(vec!["a".to_string()]),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .is_empty());
+        assert!(CapabilityPolicy {
+            denied_tools: vec![],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .is_empty());
+        assert!(CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_tools: Some(vec![]),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .has_tool_policy());
+        assert!(CapabilityPolicy {
+            denied_skills: vec!["x".to_string()],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .has_skill_policy());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_render_capability_roundtrip() {
+        let policy = CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_skills: Some(vec!["skill_a".to_string(), "skill_b".to_string()]),
+            denied_skills: vec!["skill_c".to_string()],
+            allowed_tools: Some(vec!["read".to_string(), "mcp_fs_echo".to_string()]),
+            denied_tools: vec!["bash".to_string()],
+        };
+        let rendered = render_expert_file("cap", "desc", "body", &policy).unwrap();
+        // 白名单/黑名单字段都应出现
+        assert!(rendered.contains("allowed_skills:"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("denied_skills:"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("allowed_tools:"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("denied_tools:"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("skill_a"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("mcp_fs_echo"));
+
+        // 写入磁盘再读回，策略应一致
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let file_path = temp.path().join("EXPERT.md");
+        write_expert_file(&file_path, "cap", "desc", "body", &policy).unwrap();
+        let expert = parse_expert_file(&file_path, ExpertSource::Project).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(expert.capability, policy);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_empty_capability_omits_keys() {
+        // 空策略不应输出多余 frontmatter 键，保持旧文件格式兼容
+        let rendered = render_expert_file("plain", "desc", "body", &CapabilityPolicy::default()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!rendered.contains("allowed_skills"));
+        assert!(!rendered.contains("denied_skills"));
+        assert!(!rendered.contains("allowed_tools"));
+        assert!(!rendered.contains("denied_tools"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_discover_prefers_project_over_user() {
         let _lock = acquire_test_lock();
@@ -1092,6 +1214,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "translator",
                 "翻译专家",
                 "你是一名专业翻译。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1104,6 +1227,7 @@ mod tests {
             "translator",
             "dup",
             "body",
+            &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
             true,
         );
         assert!(dup.is_err());
@@ -1114,6 +1238,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "translator",
                 Some("更新翻译专家"),
                 Some("你是一名中文教师。"),
+                None,
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1122,7 +1247,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // update with None preserves fields
         let updated_none = runtime
-            .update_expert(ExpertScope::Project, "translator", None, None, true)
+            .update_expert(ExpertScope::Project, "translator", None, None, None, true)
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(updated_none.description, "更新翻译专家");
         assert_eq!(updated_none.body, "你是一名中文教师。");
@@ -1156,6 +1281,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "coder",
                 "编程专家",
                 "你是一名编程专家。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1205,6 +1331,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "writer",
                 "写作专家",
                 "你是一名写作专家。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1245,6 +1372,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "reviewer",
                 "代码审查专家",
                 "你是一名代码审查专家。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1294,6 +1422,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "planner",
                 "规划专家",
                 "你是一名规划专家。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1428,6 +1557,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "teacher",
                 "教师专家",
                 "你是一名中文教师，请用中文回答。",
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -1465,6 +1595,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "empty-body",
                 "无 body 的专家",
                 "", // body empty
+                &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
                 true,
             )
             .unwrap();
diff --git a/src/gateway/agent_factory.rs b/src/gateway/agent_factory.rs
index 11b94d4..6446fde 100644
--- a/src/gateway/agent_factory.rs
+++ b/src/gateway/agent_factory.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::agent::{AgentError, AgentLoop, CompositeSystemPromptProvider, SystemPromptProvider};
 use crate::config::LLMProviderConfig;
+use crate::domain::CapabilityPolicy;
 use crate::experts::ExpertPromptProvider;
 use crate::experts::ExpertRuntime;
 use crate::gateway::agent_prompt_provider::AgentPromptProvider;
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_system_prompt_provider(
             provider_config,
             prompt_repository,
         )),
-        Box::new(SkillPromptProvider::new(skills)),
+        Box::new(SkillPromptProvider::new(skills, experts.clone())),
         Box::new(ExpertPromptProvider::new(experts)),
         Box::new(SubagentPromptProvider::new(subagent_runtime)),
         Box::new(ToolPromptProvider::new()),
@@ -115,9 +116,29 @@ impl AgentFactory {
             self.subagent_runtime.clone(),
         );
 
+        // 按所选专家的工具策略过滤工具集（含内置 + MCP 工具）。
+        // 无专家或专家未声明工具策略时，复用共享的 Arc<ToolRegistry>（零拷贝）。
+        let base_tool_count = self.tools.tool_names().len();
+        let tools: Arc<ToolRegistry> = match self.experts.selected_expert_for(&session_id) {
+            Some(expert) if expert.capability.has_tool_policy() => {
+                let filtered = self.build_filtered_registry(&expert.capability);
+                let filtered_count = filtered.tool_names().len();
+                tracing::info!(
+                    instance_id = self.instance_id,
+                    session_id = %session_id,
+                    expert = %expert.name,
+                    base_tool_count,
+                    filtered_tool_count = filtered_count,
+                    "AgentFactory: applied expert tool policy"
+                );
+                Arc::new(filtered)
+            }
+            _ => self.tools.clone(),
+        };
+
         AgentLoop::with_tools_and_system_prompt_provider(
             request.provider_config,
-            self.tools.clone(),
+            tools,
             system_prompt_provider,
             Some(self.skills.clone()),
         )
@@ -147,4 +168,25 @@ impl AgentFactory {
             agent
         })
     }
+
+    /// 按专家 CapabilityPolicy 构建过滤后的 ToolRegistry 副本。
+    /// 生效顺序：先白名单取交集，再黑名单扣除（与 subagent filter_tool_registry 语义一致）。
+    /// 底层工具为 Arc<dyn ToolTrait>，克隆廉价。
+    fn build_filtered_registry(&self, policy: &CapabilityPolicy) -> ToolRegistry {
+        // 1. 白名单（取交集）；None 表示不限，复制一份以便后续黑名单过滤
+        let after_allow: ToolRegistry = match &policy.allowed_tools {
+            Some(allowed) => {
+                let refs: Vec<&str> = allowed.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+                self.tools.only(&refs)
+            }
+            None => self.tools.without(&[]),
+        };
+        // 2. 黑名单（扣除）
+        if policy.denied_tools.is_empty() {
+            after_allow
+        } else {
+            let refs: Vec<&str> = policy.denied_tools.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+            after_allow.without(&refs)
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/gateway/runtime.rs b/src/gateway/runtime.rs
index 096e57a..557a5ad 100644
--- a/src/gateway/runtime.rs
+++ b/src/gateway/runtime.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_session_manager_with_sender(
         );
 
         // Create subagent catalog with discovery, wrap in SubagentRuntime
-        let catalog = Arc::new(SubagentCatalog::discover(&subagents_config));
+        let catalog = SubagentCatalog::discover(&subagents_config);
         let subagent_runtime = Arc::new(SubagentRuntime::new(
             subagents_config.clone(),
             catalog,
@@ -202,7 +202,6 @@ pub(crate) fn build_session_manager_with_sender(
             default_allowed_tools: task_config.allowed_tools.iter().cloned().collect(),
             default_max_execution_secs: task_config.max_execution_secs,
             ttl_hours: task_config.ttl_hours,
-            skills_index: skills.system_index_prompt(),
             max_nesting_depth: task_config.max_nesting_depth,
         };
 
@@ -215,6 +214,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_session_manager_with_sender(
             subagent_runtime.clone(),
             bus.clone(),
             store.clone(),
+            skills.clone(),
         ));
 
         // 注册 task 工具到子代理工具集（需在 runtime 创建之后，打破循环依赖）
diff --git a/src/skills/mod.rs b/src/skills/mod.rs
index 62f0766..ef1e57a 100644
--- a/src/skills/mod.rs
+++ b/src/skills/mod.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,23 @@ pub struct Skill {
     pub path: PathBuf,
 }
 
+/// 渲染技能索引提示词（`<available_skills>` XML 块）。
+/// 仅输出技能索引列表；skill_activate / skill_manage 的使用说明已统一收拢到 ToolPromptProvider。
+fn render_skill_index(skills: &[&Skill]) -> String {
+    let mut prompt = String::from("# 可用技能（Skills）\n\n<available_skills>\n");
+    for skill in skills {
+        let entry = format!(
+            "  <skill>\n    <name>{}</name>\n    <description>{}</description>\n    <location>{}</location>\n  </skill>\n",
+            platform_xml_escape(&skill.name),
+            platform_xml_escape(&skill.description),
+            platform_xml_escape(&path_to_uri(&skill.path)),
+        );
+        prompt.push_str(&entry);
+    }
+    prompt.push_str("</available_skills>\n");
+    prompt
+}
+
 /// A skill entry with its disabled status across scopes.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
 pub struct SkillWithStatus {
@@ -138,6 +155,18 @@ impl SkillRuntime {
             .system_index_prompt()
     }
 
+    /// 按白/黑名单过滤后的技能索引。供专家/子代理按 `CapabilityPolicy` 过滤技能可见性。
+    pub fn system_index_prompt_filtered(
+        &self,
+        allowed: Option<&[String]>,
+        denied: &[String],
+    ) -> Option<String> {
+        self.catalog
+            .read()
+            .expect("skills rwlock poisoned")
+            .system_index_prompt_filtered(allowed, denied)
+    }
+
     pub fn discovery_event_payload(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
         self.catalog
             .read()
@@ -465,24 +494,36 @@ impl SkillCatalog {
         if self.skills.is_empty() {
             return None;
         }
+        let refs: Vec<&Skill> = self.skills.iter().collect();
+        Some(render_skill_index(&refs))
+    }
 
-        // 仅输出技能索引列表。
-        // skill_activate / skill_manage 的使用说明已统一收拢到 ToolPromptProvider。
-        let mut prompt = String::from("# 可用技能（Skills）\n\n<available_skills>\n");
+    /// 按白/黑名单过滤后的技能索引。`allowed` 为 `None` 表示不限（白名单关闭），
+    /// `Some` 表示仅这些技能可见（空切片 = 全禁）。`denied` 为黑名单。
+    pub fn system_index_prompt_filtered(
+        &self,
+        allowed: Option<&[String]>,
+        denied: &[String],
+    ) -> Option<String> {
+        let denied_set: HashSet<&str> = denied.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+        let allowed_set: Option<HashSet<&str>> =
+            allowed.map(|a| a.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect());
 
-        for skill in &self.skills {
-            let entry = format!(
-                "  <skill>\n    <name>{}</name>\n    <description>{}</description>\n    <location>{}</location>\n  </skill>\n",
-                platform_xml_escape(&skill.name),
-                platform_xml_escape(&skill.description),
-                platform_xml_escape(&path_to_uri(&skill.path)),
-            );
-            prompt.push_str(&entry);
+        let filtered: Vec<&Skill> = self
+            .skills
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| !denied_set.contains(s.name.as_str()))
+            .filter(|s| {
+                allowed_set
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map_or(true, |set| set.contains(s.name.as_str()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        if filtered.is_empty() {
+            return None;
         }
-
-        prompt.push_str("</available_skills>\n");
-
-        Some(prompt)
+        Some(render_skill_index(&filtered))
     }
 
     pub fn discovery_event_payload(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
@@ -902,26 +943,45 @@ fn parse_skill_file(path: &Path, source: SkillSource) -> Result<Skill, String> {
 
 // SkillPromptProvider 实现
 use crate::agent::{SystemPrompt, SystemPromptContext, SystemPromptProvider};
+use crate::experts::ExpertRuntime;
 
 /// Skill 提示词提供者
 ///
 /// 负责提供技能的系统索引提示词（system_index_prompt）。
+/// 当会话选中了带技能策略的专家时，按专家 `CapabilityPolicy` 过滤技能索引。
 pub struct SkillPromptProvider {
     skills: Arc<SkillRuntime>,
+    experts: Arc<ExpertRuntime>,
 }
 
 impl SkillPromptProvider {
     /// 创建新的 Skill 提示词提供者
-    pub fn new(skills: Arc<SkillRuntime>) -> Self {
-        Self { skills }
+    pub fn new(skills: Arc<SkillRuntime>, experts: Arc<ExpertRuntime>) -> Self {
+        Self { skills, experts }
     }
 }
 
 impl SystemPromptProvider for SkillPromptProvider {
-    fn build(&self, _context: &SystemPromptContext) -> Option<SystemPrompt> {
-        // 调用 SkillRuntime 的 system_index_prompt 方法
-        self.skills.system_index_prompt().map(|content| SystemPrompt {
-            content,
+    fn build(&self, context: &SystemPromptContext) -> Option<SystemPrompt> {
+        // 读取所选专家的技能策略；无专家或无策略时走全局索引（主智能体默认）
+        let content = match context.session_id.as_deref() {
+            Some(sid) => {
+                let policy = self
+                    .experts
+                    .selected_expert_for(sid)
+                    .map(|e| e.capability);
+                match policy {
+                    Some(p) if p.has_skill_policy() => self.skills.system_index_prompt_filtered(
+                        p.allowed_skills.as_deref(),
+                        &p.denied_skills,
+                    ),
+                    _ => self.skills.system_index_prompt(),
+                }
+            }
+            None => self.skills.system_index_prompt(),
+        };
+        content.map(|c| SystemPrompt {
+            content: c,
             context: Some("skill_index".to_string()),
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/tools/task/prompt.rs b/src/tools/task/prompt.rs
index 919b6c9..8c85972 100644
--- a/src/tools/task/prompt.rs
+++ b/src/tools/task/prompt.rs
@@ -101,8 +101,7 @@ mod tests {
             description: "测试".to_string(),
             prompt_template: "任务: {{description}}\n指令: {{prompt}}".to_string(),
             body: None,
-            allowed_tools: None,
-            denied_tools: None,
+            capability: crate::domain::CapabilityPolicy::default(),
             max_execution_secs: None,
             source: SubagentSource::Builtin,
             path: None,
diff --git a/src/tools/task/runtime.rs b/src/tools/task/runtime.rs
index 68f6674..7b5c248 100644
--- a/src/tools/task/runtime.rs
+++ b/src/tools/task/runtime.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ use crate::agent::{AgentLoop, AgentRuntimeConfig, EmittedMessageHandler, Persist
 use crate::bus::ChatMessage;
 use crate::bus::message::{OutboundMessage, OutboundEventKind};
 use crate::bus::MessageBus;
+use crate::domain::CapabilityPolicy;
 use crate::providers::StreamDelta;
 use crate::config::{LLMProviderConfig, SubagentsConfig};
+use crate::skills::SkillRuntime;
 use crate::storage::{ConversationRepository, SessionStore};
 use crate::tools::{ToolContext, ToolRegistry};
 
@@ -31,8 +33,6 @@ pub struct SubAgentRuntimeConfig {
     pub default_max_execution_secs: u64,
     /// 任务 TTL（小时）
     pub ttl_hours: u64,
-    /// 技能索引（可选，预生成的技能列表字符串）
-    pub skills_index: Option<String>,
     /// 子代理最大嵌套深度（0 = 禁止嵌套，1 = 允许 1 层孙代理）
     pub max_nesting_depth: u32,
 }
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ impl Default for SubAgentRuntimeConfig {
             ]),
             default_max_execution_secs: 3600, // 60分钟
             ttl_hours: 24,
-            skills_index: None,
             max_nesting_depth: 1,
         }
     }
@@ -353,6 +352,8 @@ pub struct DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
     subagent_runtime: Arc<SubagentRuntime>,
     bus: Option<Arc<MessageBus>>,
     store: Arc<SessionStore>,
+    /// 技能运行时（实时计算技能索引，替代冻结快照）
+    skills: Arc<SkillRuntime>,
 }
 
 impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
@@ -365,6 +366,7 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
         subagent_runtime: Arc<SubagentRuntime>,
         bus: Option<Arc<MessageBus>>,
         store: Arc<SessionStore>,
+        skills: Arc<SkillRuntime>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             config,
@@ -375,6 +377,7 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
             subagent_runtime,
             bus,
             store,
+            skills,
         }
     }
 
@@ -392,9 +395,9 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
     }
 
     /// 根据 def 与嵌套深度构建子代理工具集。
-    /// 过滤顺序：base → allowed_tools 白名单 → denied_tools 黑名单 + depth 达到上限移除 task。
+    /// 过滤顺序：base → capability.allowed_tools 白名单 → capability.denied_tools 黑名单 + depth 达到上限移除 task。
     /// - `allowed_tools` 为 Some 时取交集（白名单），None 表示不限制。
-    /// - `denied_tools` 为 Some 时扣除（黑名单），在白名单之后应用。
+    /// - `denied_tools` 扣除（黑名单），在白名单之后应用。
     /// - 当 child_depth >= max_nesting_depth 时移除 task 工具（防无限嵌套的安全兜底，
     ///   不可被 def 覆盖）。默认 max_nesting_depth=2，即孙代理（depth=2）无法再创建子代理。
     fn build_subagent_tools_registry(
@@ -403,18 +406,19 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
         child_depth: u32,
     ) -> Arc<ToolRegistry> {
         let depth_deny_task = child_depth >= self.config.max_nesting_depth;
-        let allowed: Option<&Vec<String>> = def.and_then(|d| d.allowed_tools.as_ref());
-        let denied_tools: Option<&Vec<String>> = def.and_then(|d| d.denied_tools.as_ref());
+        let policy: &CapabilityPolicy = match def {
+            Some(d) => &d.capability,
+            None => &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
+        };
 
-        // 快速路径：无白名单、无黑名单、无需 depth 兜底 → 直接复用 Arc（避免拷贝）
-        if allowed.is_none() && denied_tools.is_none() && !depth_deny_task {
+        // 快速路径：无工具策略、无需 depth 兜底 → 直接复用 Arc（避免拷贝）
+        if !policy.has_tool_policy() && !depth_deny_task {
             return self.subagent_tools.clone();
         }
 
         Arc::new(Self::filter_tool_registry(
             &self.subagent_tools,
-            allowed,
-            denied_tools,
+            policy,
             depth_deny_task,
         ))
     }
@@ -423,12 +427,11 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
     /// 抽取为关联函数便于单元测试（无需构造整个 DefaultSubAgentRuntime）。
     fn filter_tool_registry(
         base: &ToolRegistry,
-        allowed: Option<&Vec<String>>,
-        denied_tools: Option<&Vec<String>>,
+        policy: &CapabilityPolicy,
         depth_deny_task: bool,
     ) -> ToolRegistry {
         // 1. 应用白名单（若存在），否则取得 owned 副本以便后续黑名单过滤
-        let tools: ToolRegistry = match allowed {
+        let tools: ToolRegistry = match &policy.allowed_tools {
             Some(list) => {
                 let refs: Vec<&str> = list.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
                 base.only(&refs)
@@ -441,9 +444,7 @@ impl DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
         if depth_deny_task {
             denied.push(TaskTool::TOOL_NAME);
         }
-        if let Some(dt) = denied_tools {
-            denied.extend(dt.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()));
-        }
+        denied.extend(policy.denied_tools.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()));
 
         if denied.is_empty() {
             tools
@@ -704,12 +705,21 @@ impl SubAgentRuntime for DefaultSubAgentRuntime {
         }
 
         // 6. 构建子代理系统提示词
+        // 实时按 def.capability 过滤技能索引（替代冻结快照，反映运行时技能增删）
+        let skills_index = if def.capability.has_skill_policy() {
+            self.skills.system_index_prompt_filtered(
+                def.capability.allowed_skills.as_deref(),
+                &def.capability.denied_skills,
+            )
+        } else {
+            self.skills.system_index_prompt()
+        };
         let system_prompt = SubagentPromptBuilder::build(
             &def,
             &task.description,
             &task.prompt,
             &self.provider_config,
-            self.config.skills_index.as_deref(),
+            skills_index.as_deref(),
         );
 
         // 7. 创建子代理
@@ -1016,12 +1026,9 @@ pub struct SubagentWithStatus {
     pub source: String,
     /// Which scopes have this subagent disabled. Empty means enabled.
     pub disabled_in_scopes: Vec<String>,
-    /// 工具白名单（None 表示不过滤）
-    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    /// 工具黑名单（None 表示不过滤）
-    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub denied_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// 工具与技能加载策略。
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub capability: CapabilityPolicy,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -1128,7 +1135,7 @@ fn save_subagent_state_file(path: &Path, state: &SubagentStateFile) -> Result<()
 /// 对齐 `SkillRuntime` 模式。
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SubagentRuntime {
-    catalog: Arc<SubagentCatalog>,
+    catalog: RwLock<SubagentCatalog>,
     disable_state: RwLock<SubagentDisableState>,
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     config: SubagentsConfig,
@@ -1136,10 +1143,10 @@ pub struct SubagentRuntime {
 }
 
 impl SubagentRuntime {
-    pub fn new(config: SubagentsConfig, catalog: Arc<SubagentCatalog>, cwd: PathBuf) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(config: SubagentsConfig, catalog: SubagentCatalog, cwd: PathBuf) -> Self {
         let disable_state = load_subagent_disable_state(&cwd);
         Self {
-            catalog,
+            catalog: RwLock::new(catalog),
             disable_state: RwLock::new(disable_state),
             config,
             cwd,
@@ -1149,15 +1156,23 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
     /// 从配置构造（discover + wrap）
     pub fn from_config(config: SubagentsConfig) -> Self {
         let cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap_or_else(|_| PathBuf::from("."));
-        let catalog = Arc::new(SubagentCatalog::discover(&config));
+        let catalog = SubagentCatalog::discover(&config);
         Self::new(config, catalog, cwd)
     }
 
+    /// 重新发现子代理并替换内存 catalog（写回 SUBAGENT.md 后调用）。
+    pub fn reload(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let new_catalog = SubagentCatalog::discover(&self.config);
+        let mut guard = self.catalog.write().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned");
+        *guard = new_catalog;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// 列出所有子代理（含禁用项），带 disabled_in_scopes
     pub fn list_with_status(&self) -> Vec<SubagentWithStatus> {
         let state = self.disable_state.read().expect("subagent state rwlock poisoned");
-        let mut items: Vec<SubagentWithStatus> = self
-            .catalog
+        let catalog = self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned");
+        let mut items: Vec<SubagentWithStatus> = catalog
             .all()
             .iter()
             .map(|def| {
@@ -1167,8 +1182,7 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
                     description: def.description.clone(),
                     source: def.source.as_str().to_string(),
                     disabled_in_scopes: scopes.iter().map(|s| s.as_str().to_string()).collect(),
-                    allowed_tools: def.allowed_tools.clone(),
-                    denied_tools: def.denied_tools.clone(),
+                    capability: def.capability.clone(),
                 }
             })
             .collect();
@@ -1179,7 +1193,8 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
     /// 可用子代理名称（过滤禁用项）
     pub fn available_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
         let state = self.disable_state.read().expect("subagent state rwlock poisoned");
-        self.catalog
+        let catalog = self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned");
+        catalog
             .names()
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|name| !state.is_disabled(name))
@@ -1192,14 +1207,14 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
         if state.is_disabled(name) {
             return None;
         }
-        self.catalog.find(name).cloned()
+        self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned").find(name).cloned()
     }
 
     /// 生成过滤后的系统索引提示词
     pub fn system_index_prompt_filtered(&self) -> Option<String> {
         let state = self.disable_state.read().expect("subagent state rwlock poisoned");
-        let available_defs: Vec<&SubagentDef> = self
-            .catalog
+        let catalog = self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned");
+        let available_defs: Vec<&SubagentDef> = catalog
             .all()
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|def| !state.is_disabled(&def.name))
@@ -1253,7 +1268,7 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
         enabled: bool,
     ) -> Result<SubagentAvailabilityChange, String> {
         // 校验子代理存在
-        if self.catalog.find(name).is_none() {
+        if self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned").find(name).is_none() {
             return Err(format!("subagent '{}' not found", name));
         }
 
@@ -1312,9 +1327,56 @@ impl SubagentRuntime {
         })
     }
 
-    /// 获取 catalog 引用（用于 DefaultSubAgentRuntime 等需要直接访问的场景）
-    pub fn catalog(&self) -> &Arc<SubagentCatalog> {
-        &self.catalog
+    /// 更新子代理定义（写回 SUBAGENT.md frontmatter）。
+    /// 对齐 `ExpertRuntime::update_expert`。
+    /// - `description`/`body`/`capability` 为 None 时保留原值。
+    /// - `prompt_template`/`max_execution_secs` 不在 UI 暴露编辑，始终保留原值。
+    /// - builtin 子代理（`source == Builtin`、`path == None`）禁止 update。
+    pub fn update_subagent(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        description: Option<&str>,
+        body: Option<&str>,
+        capability: Option<&CapabilityPolicy>,
+        reload: bool,
+    ) -> Result<SubagentDef, String> {
+        let def = {
+            let catalog = self.catalog.read().expect("subagent catalog rwlock poisoned");
+            catalog
+                .find(name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("subagent '{}' not found", name))?
+                .clone()
+        };
+
+        // builtin 子代理无文件路径，禁止 update
+        let path = def
+            .path
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("builtin subagent '{}' cannot be updated", name))?;
+
+        if !path.exists() {
+            return Err(format!("subagent file not found at {}", path.display()));
+        }
+
+        let next_description = description.unwrap_or(&def.description);
+        let next_body = body.unwrap_or(def.body.as_deref().unwrap_or(""));
+        let next_capability = capability.cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| def.capability.clone());
+
+        write_subagent_file(
+            path,
+            &def.name,
+            next_description,
+            &def.prompt_template,
+            next_body,
+            &next_capability,
+            def.max_execution_secs,
+        )?;
+
+        let new_def = parse_subagent_file(path, def.source.clone())?;
+        if reload {
+            let _ = self.reload();
+        }
+        Ok(new_def)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1403,9 +1465,13 @@ struct SubagentFrontmatter {
     #[serde(default)]
     prompt_template: Option<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
+    allowed_skills: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    denied_skills: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
     allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
     #[serde(default)]
-    denied_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    denied_tools: Vec<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
     max_execution_secs: Option<u64>,
 }
@@ -1491,19 +1557,108 @@ fn parse_subagent_file(path: &Path, source: SubagentSource) -> Result<SubagentDe
     let prompt_template = frontmatter.prompt_template.unwrap_or_default().trim().to_string();
     let body_content = body.trim().to_string();
 
+    let capability = CapabilityPolicy {
+        allowed_skills: frontmatter.allowed_skills,
+        denied_skills: frontmatter.denied_skills,
+        allowed_tools: frontmatter.allowed_tools,
+        denied_tools: frontmatter.denied_tools,
+    };
+
     Ok(SubagentDef {
         name,
         description: frontmatter.description.trim().to_string(),
         prompt_template,
         body: if body_content.is_empty() { None } else { Some(body_content) },
-        allowed_tools: frontmatter.allowed_tools,
-        denied_tools: frontmatter.denied_tools,
+        capability,
         max_execution_secs: frontmatter.max_execution_secs,
         source,
         path: Some(path.to_path_buf()),
     })
 }
 
+/// 渲染子代理文件内容（frontmatter + body）。
+/// 对齐 `experts::render_expert_file`：空 capability 字段不输出对应 key。
+fn render_subagent_file(
+    name: &str,
+    description: &str,
+    prompt_template: &str,
+    body: &str,
+    capability: &CapabilityPolicy,
+    max_execution_secs: Option<u64>,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    if description.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err("description is required and cannot be empty".to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+    struct SubagentFrontmatterOwned {
+        name: String,
+        description: String,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        prompt_template: Option<String>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        allowed_skills: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+        denied_skills: Vec<String>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+        denied_tools: Vec<String>,
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        max_execution_secs: Option<u64>,
+    }
+
+    let fm = SubagentFrontmatterOwned {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: description.to_string(),
+        prompt_template: if prompt_template.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(prompt_template.to_string())
+        },
+        allowed_skills: capability.allowed_skills.clone(),
+        denied_skills: capability.denied_skills.clone(),
+        allowed_tools: capability.allowed_tools.clone(),
+        denied_tools: capability.denied_tools.clone(),
+        max_execution_secs,
+    };
+
+    let yaml = serde_yaml::to_string(&fm)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to render subagent frontmatter: {}", err))?;
+    let yaml = yaml.trim_start_matches("---\n");
+    let body = body.trim();
+    if body.is_empty() {
+        Ok(format!("---\n{}---\n", yaml))
+    } else {
+        Ok(format!("---\n{}---\n{}\n", yaml, body))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 写入子代理文件（创建父目录如需）。
+fn write_subagent_file(
+    path: &Path,
+    name: &str,
+    description: &str,
+    prompt_template: &str,
+    body: &str,
+    capability: &CapabilityPolicy,
+    max_execution_secs: Option<u64>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let content = render_subagent_file(
+        name,
+        description,
+        prompt_template,
+        body,
+        capability,
+        max_execution_secs,
+    )?;
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create subagent directory: {}", err))?;
+    }
+    fs::write(path, content).map_err(|err| format!("failed to write subagent file: {}", err))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -1553,7 +1708,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn make_runtime(cwd: &Path) -> SubagentRuntime {
-        let catalog = Arc::new(SubagentCatalog::new());
+        let catalog = SubagentCatalog::new();
         SubagentRuntime::new(SubagentsConfig::default(), catalog, cwd.to_path_buf())
     }
 
@@ -1704,15 +1859,21 @@ mod tests {
         v
     }
 
-    /// 把 &str 切片转为 Some(Vec<String>)，便于构造过滤参数
-    fn s(v: &[&str]) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        Some(v.iter().map(|x| x.to_string()).collect())
+    /// 构造 CapabilityPolicy：白名单 + 黑名单
+    fn policy(allowed: Option<&[&str]>, denied: &[&str]) -> CapabilityPolicy {
+        CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_skills: None,
+            denied_skills: Vec::new(),
+            allowed_tools: allowed.map(|v| v.iter().map(|x| x.to_string()).collect()),
+            denied_tools: denied.iter().map(|x| x.to_string()).collect(),
+        }
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn filter_no_restriction_returns_all() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, None, None, false);
+        let p = policy(None, &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         assert_eq!(
             sorted_names(&reg),
             vec!["bash", "edit", "read", "task", "write"]
@@ -1722,7 +1883,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn filter_depth_deny_task_removes_task() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, None, None, true);
+        let p = policy(None, &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, true);
         assert_eq!(
             sorted_names(&reg),
             vec!["bash", "edit", "read", "write"]
@@ -1732,8 +1894,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn filter_whitelist_keeps_only_listed() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let allowed = s(&["read", "bash"]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, allowed.as_ref(), None, false);
+        let p = policy(Some(&["read", "bash"]), &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         assert_eq!(sorted_names(&reg), vec!["bash", "read"]);
     }
 
@@ -1741,30 +1903,24 @@ mod tests {
     fn filter_whitelist_skips_missing_names() {
         let base = base_registry();
         // 包含未注册的工具名应被静默跳过
-        let allowed = s(&["read", "nonexistent", "glob"]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, allowed.as_ref(), None, false);
+        let p = policy(Some(&["read", "nonexistent", "glob"]), &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         assert_eq!(sorted_names(&reg), vec!["read"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn filter_blacklist_removes_listed() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let denied = s(&["bash", "task"]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, None, denied.as_ref(), false);
+        let p = policy(None, &["bash", "task"]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         assert_eq!(sorted_names(&reg), vec!["edit", "read", "write"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn filter_whitelist_then_blacklist() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let allowed = s(&["read", "bash"]);
-        let denied = s(&["bash"]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(
-            &base,
-            allowed.as_ref(),
-            denied.as_ref(),
-            false,
-        );
+        let p = policy(Some(&["read", "bash"]), &["bash"]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         // 白名单留下 read+bash，黑名单再扣除 bash
         assert_eq!(sorted_names(&reg), vec!["read"]);
     }
@@ -1772,8 +1928,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn filter_empty_whitelist_yields_empty() {
         let base = base_registry();
-        let allowed = s(&[]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, allowed.as_ref(), None, false);
+        let p = policy(Some(&[]), &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, false);
         assert!(reg.tool_names().is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1781,12 +1937,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn filter_depth_rule_overrides_whitelist_task() {
         let base = base_registry();
         // 白名单显式包含 task，但 depth≥2 安全兜底仍应移除它
-        let allowed = s(&["read", "task"]);
-        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, allowed.as_ref(), None, true);
+        let p = policy(Some(&["read", "task"]), &[]);
+        let reg = DefaultSubAgentRuntime::filter_tool_registry(&base, &p, true);
         assert_eq!(sorted_names(&reg), vec!["read"]);
     }
 
-    // ===== frontmatter 解析（denied_tools）测试 =====
+    // ===== frontmatter 解析（capability）测试 =====
 
     #[test]
     fn parse_subagent_file_handles_crlf_endings() {
@@ -1805,7 +1961,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn parse_subagent_file_reads_denied_tools() {
+    fn parse_subagent_file_reads_capability() {
         let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let path = temp.path().join("SUBAGENT.md");
         std::fs::write(
@@ -1813,6 +1969,8 @@ mod tests {
             "---\n\
              name: sandbox\n\
              description: sandbox agent\n\
+             allowed_skills: [skill_a, skill_b]\n\
+             denied_skills: [skill_c]\n\
              allowed_tools: [read, todo_write]\n\
              denied_tools: [bash, task]\n\
              ---\n\
@@ -1823,17 +1981,25 @@ mod tests {
         let def = parse_subagent_file(&path, SubagentSource::Project).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(def.name, "sandbox");
         assert_eq!(
-            def.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
+            def.capability.allowed_skills.as_deref(),
+            Some(["skill_a".to_string(), "skill_b".to_string()].as_slice())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            def.capability.denied_skills,
+            vec!["skill_c".to_string()]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            def.capability.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
             Some(["read".to_string(), "todo_write".to_string()].as_slice())
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            def.denied_tools.as_deref(),
-            Some(["bash".to_string(), "task".to_string()].as_slice())
+            def.capability.denied_tools,
+            vec!["bash".to_string(), "task".to_string()]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn parse_subagent_file_denied_tools_default_none_when_absent() {
+    fn parse_subagent_file_capability_default_empty_when_absent() {
         let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let path = temp.path().join("SUBAGENT.md");
         std::fs::write(
@@ -1843,12 +2009,11 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
 
         let def = parse_subagent_file(&path, SubagentSource::User).unwrap();
-        assert!(def.allowed_tools.is_none());
-        assert!(def.denied_tools.is_none());
+        assert!(def.capability.is_empty());
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn list_with_status_projects_tool_fields() {
+    fn list_with_status_projects_capability() {
         let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut catalog = SubagentCatalog::new();
         catalog.register(SubagentDef {
@@ -1856,27 +2021,152 @@ mod tests {
             description: "sandbox agent".to_string(),
             prompt_template: String::new(),
             body: None,
-            allowed_tools: Some(vec!["read".to_string(), "todo_write".to_string()]),
-            denied_tools: Some(vec!["bash".to_string()]),
+            capability: CapabilityPolicy {
+                allowed_skills: None,
+                denied_skills: Vec::new(),
+                allowed_tools: Some(vec!["read".to_string(), "todo_write".to_string()]),
+                denied_tools: vec!["bash".to_string()],
+            },
             max_execution_secs: None,
             source: SubagentSource::Builtin,
             path: None,
         });
         let runtime = SubagentRuntime::new(
             SubagentsConfig::default(),
-            Arc::new(catalog),
+            catalog,
             temp.path().to_path_buf(),
         );
 
         let items = runtime.list_with_status();
         let item = items.iter().find(|i| i.name == "sandbox").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            item.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
+            item.capability.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
             Some(["read".to_string(), "todo_write".to_string()].as_slice())
         );
+        assert_eq!(item.capability.denied_tools, vec!["bash".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    // ===== render/write/update_subagent 测试 =====
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_subagent_file_roundtrip() {
+        let cap = CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_skills: Some(vec!["skill_a".to_string()]),
+            denied_skills: vec!["skill_b".to_string()],
+            allowed_tools: Some(vec!["read".to_string()]),
+            denied_tools: vec!["bash".to_string()],
+        };
+        let content = render_subagent_file(
+            "demo",
+            "demo agent",
+            "template content",
+            "body instructions",
+            &cap,
+            Some(1800),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = temp.path().join("SUBAGENT.md");
+        std::fs::write(&path, &content).unwrap();
+
+        let def = parse_subagent_file(&path, SubagentSource::Project).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(def.name, "demo");
+        assert_eq!(def.description, "demo agent");
+        assert_eq!(def.prompt_template, "template content");
+        assert_eq!(def.body.as_deref(), Some("body instructions"));
+        assert_eq!(def.max_execution_secs, Some(1800));
         assert_eq!(
-            item.denied_tools.as_deref(),
-            Some(["bash".to_string()].as_slice())
+            def.capability.allowed_skills.as_deref(),
+            Some(["skill_a".to_string()].as_slice())
         );
+        assert_eq!(def.capability.denied_skills, vec!["skill_b".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            def.capability.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
+            Some(["read".to_string()].as_slice())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(def.capability.denied_tools, vec!["bash".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_subagent_file_omits_empty_capability() {
+        let cap = CapabilityPolicy::default();
+        let content = render_subagent_file(
+            "basic",
+            "basic agent",
+            "",
+            "body",
+            &cap,
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // 空 capability 字段不应出现在 YAML 中
+        assert!(!content.contains("allowed_skills"));
+        assert!(!content.contains("denied_skills"));
+        assert!(!content.contains("allowed_tools"));
+        assert!(!content.contains("denied_tools"));
+        assert!(!content.contains("max_execution_secs"));
+        assert!(!content.contains("prompt_template"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_subagent_writes_capability() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = temp.path().join("demo").join("SUBAGENT.md");
+        // 先写一个初始 SUBAGENT.md
+        write_subagent_file(
+            &path,
+            "demo",
+            "initial desc",
+            "",
+            "initial body",
+            &CapabilityPolicy::default(),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // 用 SubagentRuntime 加载并 update
+        let config = SubagentsConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            sources: vec![temp.path().to_string_lossy().to_string()],
+        };
+        let runtime = SubagentRuntime::from_config(config);
+
+        let new_cap = CapabilityPolicy {
+            allowed_skills: None,
+            denied_skills: vec!["skill_x".to_string()],
+            allowed_tools: Some(vec!["read".to_string()]),
+            denied_tools: vec!["bash".to_string()],
+        };
+        let updated = runtime
+            .update_subagent("demo", Some("updated desc"), None, Some(&new_cap), false)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(updated.description, "updated desc");
+        assert_eq!(updated.capability.denied_skills, vec!["skill_x".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            updated.capability.allowed_tools.as_deref(),
+            Some(["read".to_string()].as_slice())
+        );
+
+        // 重新从文件 parse 验证写回成功
+        let reparsed = parse_subagent_file(&path, SubagentSource::Project).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reparsed.description, "updated desc");
+        assert_eq!(reparsed.capability.denied_skills, vec!["skill_x".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_subagent_rejects_builtin() {
+        let runtime = SubagentRuntime::from_config(SubagentsConfig::default());
+        // builtin general 子代理无 path，update 应失败
+        let result = runtime.update_subagent(
+            "general",
+            Some("new desc"),
+            None,
+            None,
+            false,
+        );
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let err = result.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("builtin") || err.contains("not found"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/tools/task/types.rs b/src/tools/task/types.rs
index 103a5a0..f5e72cc 100644
--- a/src/tools/task/types.rs
+++ b/src/tools/task/types.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+use crate::domain::CapabilityPolicy;
+
 /// 子代理会话状态
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
@@ -60,10 +62,8 @@ pub struct SubagentDef {
     pub prompt_template: String,
     /// 可选的详细指令（body 部分）
     pub body: Option<String>,
-    /// 工具白名单（None 表示不过滤，Some 时仅这些工具可用）
-    pub allowed_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    /// 工具黑名单（None 表示不过滤，Some 时这些工具被禁用；在白名单之后应用）
-    pub denied_tools: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// 工具与技能加载策略。全为空表示沿用默认配置（不过滤）。
+    pub capability: CapabilityPolicy,
     /// 最大执行时间（秒），None 表示使用默认
     pub max_execution_secs: Option<u64>,
     /// 来源
@@ -80,8 +80,7 @@ impl SubagentDef {
             description: "通用型子代理 - 处理复杂多步骤任务".to_string(),
             prompt_template: "你是一个专注的子代理，正在执行一个独立任务。\n\n任务描述: {{description}}\n\n你应该:\n1. 专注于完成任务，不要偏离目标\n2. 使用可用的工具进行必要操作\n3. 完成后给出简洁的总结\n4. 不要尝试创建新的子代理任务\n\n任务追踪:\n你可以使用 `todo_write` 工具追踪子任务进度。规则：同一时间只有一个 in_progress，完成后再标记下一个，3步以上才使用。\n\n注意: 你没有访问主对话历史的权限，这是一个独立的执行上下文。".to_string(),
             body: None,
-            allowed_tools: None,
-            denied_tools: None,
+            capability: CapabilityPolicy::default(),
             max_execution_secs: None,
             source: SubagentSource::Builtin,
             path: None,